This paper takes an institutional approach to the development of cross-border regional innovation systems (CBRISs). It argues that the nation-state border is expressed through institutional hindrances that negatively influence cross-border cooperation processes. The concept of multilevel institutional architecture (MLIA) is introduced to improve understandings of the border as the nexus between institutions engaged in regional innovation systems. Through a case study analysis of the Venlo-Lower Rhine region, the paper investigates how a nation-state border impedes the build up of systemic cross-border relations that underpin the development of CBRISs.
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