Causes of wildland fires, associated socio-economic impacts and challenges with policing, in Chakari resettlement area, Kadoma, Zimbabwe

摘要

Zimbabwe is among the most fire prone countries in Africa south of the Sahara. Annually over 1 million hectares of land are destroyed by wildland fires during the fire season which runs from July to November. Wildland fires are caused by several agents, cost huge socio and economic loses and are difficult to police. The objective of this study was to evaluate the causes of wildland fires, associated socio-economic impacts and challenges associated with policing wildland fires in Chakari resettlement area. Although the area studied was small compared to the whole country, the results showed typical challenges that are faced in many resettlement areas in Zimbabwe. The study used multiple sources of information including review of published literature, reports from regulatory agencies, questionnaires, interviews and field observations. The results from the study showed that 86?% of the respondents suggested that wildland fires are caused by human negligence and deliberate arson, 14?% suggested that wildland fires are caused by natural factors such as lightning and spontaneous ignition, while 6?% suggested that events such as vehicle and locomotive accidents and electron clouding of power lines cause wildland fires. The major human causes of wildland fires were cited as hunting and bee harvesting (84?%), burning of crop residues and land preparation (80?%), burning homestead surroundings to improve visibility (79?%) and deliberate arson was cited by 61?% of the respondents. Using the contingency valuation method, the estimated average income loss from wildland fires was US$1 408?ha_(?1) year_(?1). The major challenges faced in policing wildland fires included poor community participation in fire related activities (69?%), absence of deterrent fines (64?%), complexity of the crimes (51?%), inadequate training (45?%) and lack of resources (40?%). Fire management should move away from fire fighting to prevention and sustainable practices such as early burning. In addition there is need for extensive training of communities on fire management and managing ignition sources. Policing of wildland fires can be improved through availing more resources towards policing, improved training, establishing partnerships with local population and leadership, and empowering traditional leadership to police wildland fires.