Perception of Medical Students on the Utility of Students’ Participation in Panel Discussion to Enhance Teaching and Learning

摘要

Water is a key ingredient used in many pharmaceutical and life sciences operations. Water is widely used as a raw material, ingredient, and solvent in the processing, formulation, and manufacture of pharmaceutical products, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and intermediates. Control of the quality of water throughout the production, storage and distribution processes, including microbiological and chemical quality, is a major concern. Water can be used in a variety of applications, some requiring extreme microbiological control and others requiring none. Pharmaceutical water production, storage and distribution systems should be designed, installed, commissioned, qualified and maintained to ensure the reliable production of water of an appropriate quality. It is necessary to validate the water production process to ensure the water generated, stored and distributed is not beyond the designed capacity and meets its specifications. The microbiological and chemical testing for Water used in pharmaceutical plant, Conductivity testing establishes a sample’s ability to conduct electricity, which relates to the number of dissolved salts (ions) in the sample, a high ion count, lowers water purity and may indicate a processing problem. Total organic compounds (TOC) testing finds whether carbons in the sample are maintained below a mandated limit of 500 parts per billion (ppb), bio burden testing establishes the number of microorganisms in a water sample, Microbial test of water includes the estimation of the number of viable aerobic bacteria present in a given quality of water.