Trastornos de la alimentacin: su prevalencia y principales factores de riesgo ?estudiantes universitarias de primer y segundo ao

摘要

ANTECEDENTES. El 95% de los trastornos de la alimentacin se presenta en mujeres, siendo ms frecuente en estudiantes de secundaria y universitarias. Su prevalencia en el mundo es del 0.5 a 1 % para anorexia nervosa y del 1 al 10% para bulimia. En Colombia es del 2.3% y 0.1 % respectivamente, y no se conoce la prevalencia real para el trastorno de alimentacin compulsiva. Dentro de la etiologa, factores culturales como los medios de comunicacin, presin social, estrs acadmico y otros desrdenes mentales como depresin y ansiedad estn fuertemente asociados. OBJETIVO. Calcular la prevalencia de los trastornos de alimentacin y estimar su asociacin con presin familiar, influencia de los medios de comunicacin, estrs acadmico, depresin y ansiedad. MATERIALES y MTODOS. Estudio descriptivo realizado en 196 estudiantes universitarias de primer y segundo ao en cuatro programas de pregrado del CES. Se aplic un cuestionario con preguntas dirigidas a evaluar cada trastorno y factor de riesgo mencionado. RESULTADOS. La prevalencia de anorexia fue de 3.1 %, 2.1 % para bulimia y 1.6% para Trastorno de alimentacin compulsiva. Ideas y comportamientos de riesgo como Intenso temor a ganar peso, ";;;comilonas";;;, comportamientos compensatorios y culpabilidad despus de comer se encontraron en un 83%, 20.4%, 41.9% Y 34% de la poblacin, respectivamente. Se destaca la gran influencia de los medios de comunicacin, tanto en la poblacin sana, como en ms del 50% de las anorxicas. La bulimia tuvo asociacin con estrs acadmico en el 75% de los casos. Ms de la mitad de las encuestadas ha sentido presin familiar para adelgazar. No hubo asociacin significativa con depresin y ansiedad. CONCLUSION. Se encontr una prevalencia similar a la de otros estudios en Colombia. Existe una clara asociacin entre anorexia y presin de medios de comunicacin, as como de bulimia con estrs acadmico. No hubo asociacin estadstica~ mente significativa con los otros factores de riesgo estudiados. SUMMARY BACKGROUND. 95% of eating disorders are presented in women, being more frequent in secondary and college students. Its Prevalence in the world is from the 0.5 to 1 % for anorexia Nervosa and of the 1 to 10% for bulimia. In Colombia i t is of 2.3% and 0.1 % respectively. The real prevalence of Binge eating disorder is unknown. Inside the aetiology, cultural factors as media, social pressure, academic distress and other mental disorders as depression and anxiety are strongly associated. OBJECTIVE. To calculate tne prevalence of eating disorders and to estimate their association with family pressure, media influence, academic distress, depression and anxiety. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Descriptive study carried out in 196 college students of first and second year in four programs of CES. A questionnaire was applied with questions directed to evaluate each disorder and the risk factors previously mentioned. RESULTS. The prevalence of anorexia was of 3. 1 %, 2. 1 % for bulimia and 1.6% for Binge eating disorder. Risk thoughts and behaviors like In tense fear to win weight, Binge eating episodes, compensatory benaviors and guilt after eating were in 83%, 20.4%, 41.9% and 34% of the study population respectively. It's important to stand out the great influence of the media, so much in healthy as in more than 50% of the Anorexics. bulimia had association with academic distress in 75% of the cases. More than half of those interviewed has felt family pressure to lose weight. There was not significant association with Depression and Anxiety. CONCLUSION. Prevalence was similar to other studies in Colombia. A clear association exists between anorexia Nervosa and media pressure, as well as of bulimia with academic distress. There wasn't a statistically significant association with the other risk factors.