Volcanic eruptions can emit immense quantities of small abrasive particles and gaseous materials high into the atmosphere where winds then distribute them broadly over long distances. A few unsuspecting flight crews have suddenly found their transports turned into gliders by the stuff temporarily snuffing their engines. Eruption clouds that enter the stratosphere have the potential to encircle the globe in days to weeks. They are difficult to distinguish from weather clouds and thus pose a direct threat to aircraft. According to the World Organization of Volcano Observatories, roughly 12 eruptions occur annually that affect cruise-altitude airspace.
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