PARAMETERIZATION OF SURFACE RESISTANCES TO GASEOUS DRY DEPOSITION IN REGIONAL-SCALE NUMERICAL MODELS

摘要

Methods for estimating the dry deposition velocities of atmospheric gases in the U.S. and surrounding areas have been improved and incorporated into a revised computer code module for use in numerical models of atmospheric transport and deposition of pollutants over regional scales. The key improvement is the computation of bulk surface resistances along three distinct pathways of mass transfer to sites of deposition at the upper portions of vegetative canopies or structures, the lower portions, and the ground (or water surface). This approach replaces the previous technique of providing simple look-up tables of bulk surface resistances. With the surface resistances divided explicitly into distinct pathways, the bulk surface resistances for a large number of gases in addition to those usually addressed in acid deposition models (SO_2, O_3, NO_x and HNO_3) can be computed, if estimates of the effective Henry's Law constants and appropriate measures of the chemical reactivity of the various substances are known. This has been accomplished successfully for H_2O_2, HCHO, CH_3CHO (to represent other aldehydes), CH_3O_2H (to represent organic peroxides), CH_3C(O)O_2H, HCOOH (to represent organic acids), NH_3, CH_3C(O)O_2NO_2 and HNO_2. Other factors considered include surface temperature, stomatal response to environmental parameters, the wetting of surfaces by dew and rain, and the covering of surfaces by snow. Surface emission of gases and variations of uptake characteristics by individual plant species within the landuse types are not considered explicitly.