Determination of calcium and sulfate species in aerosols associated with the conversion of its species through reaction processes in the atmosphere and its influence on cloud condensation nuclei activation

摘要

Calcium (Ca) species in aerosols collected in Higashi-Hiroshima in southwestern Japan were determined by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis, and their size distributions and seasonal variation were investigated. Calcium K-edge XANES results showed that gypsum (CaSO4 center dot 2H(2)O) and calcium oxalate (CaC2O4 center dot 2H(2)O) were the major Ca species that were formed by reactions of mineral particles in the atmosphere. These species exhibit similar hygroscopicity to that of calcite (CaCO3), which is an original Ca species in mineral particles. In addition, high hygroscopic Ca species, such as calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)(2)center dot 4H(2)O] and calcium chloride (CaCl2 center dot 2H(2)O) were considered minor Ca species. Moreover, the formation of CaSO4 center dot 2H(2)O by the reaction of mineral particles suppresses the formation of hygroscopic sulfate aerosol species, such as ammonium sulfate [(NH4)(2)SO4], reducing the number of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Sulfur K-edge XANES also confirmed that CaSO4 center dot 2H(2)O was a major species of sulfate in coarse particles. By contrast, high hygroscopic sulfate, such as (NH4)(2)SO4, was major species in fine particle. In addition, CaSO4 center dot 2H(2)O fraction to total sulfate increased during the sampling period, which was affected by a dust event. Consequently, the amount of hycopic sulfate in fine particles was decreased by the reaction, forming CaSO4 center dot 2H(2)O in coarse particles in the presence of mineral dust. Although these facts have been indicated mostly by modeling and laboratory studies, the present research suggested that the reaction of CaCO3 to form CaSO4 center dot 2H(2)O will reduce the amount of hygroscopic sulfate aerosols based on natural sample measurement in terms of the speciation of Ca and sulfate in aerosols using XANES spectroscopy.