Severe damage was caused by the liquefac- tion that occurred during the 1964 Niigata earthquake, the 1983 Nihonkai Chubu (Japan Sea) earthquake and the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu (South Hyogo Prefecture) earthquake. Lique- faction caused ground settlement and the sub- sidence, failure and settlement of many civil structures, and collapse of many houses in a wide area.
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