Ozone has been used by US water utilities for several decades to disinfect water, control taste-and-odor-caus-ing compounds, and oxidize organic and inorganic compounds such as iron, manganese, and sulfides. Interest in ozonation continues to increase as utilities struggle to treat water sources that have degraded, draw water from sources of lesser quality, or enhance treatment for the oxidation of micro-contaminants such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals and pharmaceutical and personal care products. Today, ozone can be transferred into water economically using sidestream injection. This has freed the designer from having to use a large, deep rectangular over/under-type ozone contactor, making it possible to consider other contactor geometries, such as pipelines, basins with shallow sidewater depth, and concrete box flumes. As a result, ozonation has become an affordable treatment process for utilities that may have previously thought it would not fit within their hydraulic profile or did not have adequate space. In addition, computational fluid dynamic modeling and computer-aided dissolved ozone decay calculations are being used to maximize disinfection credit and minimize both capital and operating costs.
展开▼
