In the past several years, tremendous strides have been made in the areas of smart structures and active flight control. In 1989, the foundation of active flight control using piezoelectric active elements was laid with the first series of experiments in the area of active aerodynamic surface manipulation. Crawley et al. Suc- cessfully showed that piezoelectric elements could be used to in- duce twit deflections in bending-twist and extension-twist coupled aerodynamic plates.
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