Stopover departure decisions in songbirds: do long-distance migrants depart earlier and more independently of weather conditions than medium-distance migrants?

摘要

Hypothetical onward migration routes of Common Blackbirds, European Robins (both medium-distance migrants) and Northern Wheatears (long-distance migrants) departing from Helgoland (white dot) during autumn. Arrows figure simplified hypothetical migration routes towards the species-specific wintering grounds as derived from ring recoveries of birds ringed on Helgoland (Common Blackbirds and European Robins [ ]) or estimated wintering locations from light-level geolocation data of European breeding birds (Norther Wheatear [ ]). Maps represent an orthographic projection with Helgoland as the projection centre. Species distribution data were provided by BirdLife International [ ]