Elements of virtual temporal bone surgery: Manipulandum format may be more important to surgeons than haptic device force capabilities

摘要

BackgroundTemporal bone simulations are critiqued for poor drill‐bone interaction. This project appraises the import of increasing haptic device and manipulandum fidelity on the perceived realism of drilling a virtual temporal bone.Virtual surgical contact forces rely on haptic device fidelity and are transmitted through a manipulandum. With identical software, both device hardware and manipulandum may each contribute to realism. We compare the three degrees of freedom (DOF), 3N Geomagic Touch (3D Systems, SC) to a 6DOF, 5.5N HD² (Quanser, ON) with the both standard (“HD²–Standard”) and in‐house customized otic drill manipulandum (“HD²–Modified”).