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To Gate or Not to Gate: Regulatory Mechanisms for Intercellular Protein Transport and Virus Movement in Plants

机译:大门还是不大门:植物中细胞间蛋白质转运和病毒运动的调控机制

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摘要

Cell-to-cell signal transduction is vital for orchestrating the whole-body physiology of multi-cellular organisms, and many endogenous macromolecules, proteins, and nucleic acids function as such transported signals. In plants, many of these molecules are transported through plasmodesmata (Pd), the cell wall-spanning channel structures that interconnect plant cells. Furthermore, Pd also act as conduits for cell-to-cell movement of most plant viruses that have evolved to pirate these channels to spread the infection. Pd transport is presumed to be highly selective, and only a limited repertoire of molecules is transported through these channels. Recent studies have begun to unravel mechanisms that actively regulate the opening of the Pd channel to allow traffic. This macromolecular transport between cells comprises two consecutive steps: intracellular targeting to Pd and translocation through the channel to the adjacent cell. Here, we review the current knowledge of molecular species that are transported though Pd and the mechanisms that control this traffic. Generally, Pd traffic can occur by passive diffusion through the trans-Pd cytoplasm or through the membrane/lumen of the trans-Pd ER, or by active transport that includes protein–protein interactions. It is this latter mode of Pd transport that is involved in intercellular traffic of most signal molecules and is regulated by distinct and sometimes interdependent mechanisms, which represent the focus of this article.
机译:细胞间信号转导对于协调多细胞生物的全身生理至关重要,许多内源性大分子,蛋白质和核酸都起着这种转运信号的作用。在植物中,这些分子中的许多分子通过等离子线虫(Pd)转运,而等离子线虫是连接植物细胞的跨细胞壁的通道结构。此外,Pd还充当大多数植物病毒在细胞间移动的管道,这些植物病毒已经进化为盗版这些通道以传播感染。钯的转运被认为是高度选择性的,并且只有有限的分子库通过这些通道转运。最近的研究已经开始揭示主动调节Pd通道开放以允许流量的机制。细胞之间的这种大分子转运包括两个连续的步骤:细胞内靶向Pd和通过通道转运到相邻细胞。在这里,我们回顾了通过Pd传输的分子种类的当前知识以及控制这种流量的机制。通常,Pd流量可以通过反式Pd胞质或反式Pd ER的膜/管腔的被动扩散,也可以通过包括蛋白质相互作用的主动转运发生。 Pd运输的后一种模式参与了大多数信号分子的细胞间运输,并受独特的,有时相互依存的机制调节,这是本文的重点。

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