Beijing City University Beijing P.R.China;
Beijing Institute of Surveying and Mapping Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering Beijing P.R.China;
Beijing Institute of Surveying and Mapping Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering Beijing P.R.China;
Beijing Institute of Surveying and Mapping Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering Beijing P.R.China;
Beijing Institute of Surveying and Mapping Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering Beijing P.R.China;
geographical names in Beijing; characteristics; toponymic culture; protection;