城乡学生高等教育机会不平等的演变轨迹与路径分析

摘要

Using CGSS (Chinese General Social Survey)2008 data,this article examines the devel-opment track of higher education opportunity from 1 980 to 2008 and analyzes its correlation factors,in particular elementary education.Some problems have been revealed as follows.The rural-urban gap of higher education opportunity has existed since the college entrance examination was resumed,and the gap has widened since the policy of increasing higher education enrollment was adopted in 1 999.Al-though opportunities have increased greatly,the inequality is becoming more and more serious year by year.Elementary education is important for acquiring higher education opportunity and compulsory ed-ucation is more important than senior secondary education.Meanwhile,the high school entrance exami-nation is crucial because the rural-urban gap is not big for high school students entering college.Ele-mentary education is very important for students,especially rural students,because the influence of family and education background decreases as students grow up.%本文基于对中国人民大学 CGSS“2008年全国综合社会调查”数据的分析，描述1980年-2008年间城乡学生高等教育机会的演变轨迹，并对其进行解析。研究发现城乡学生高等教育机会的不平等长期存在，结构性差距凸显，优质高等教育机会更多被城市学生占据，这一现象在1999年扩招之后更加明显。在学生获得高等教育机会的过程中，小学升初中、初中升高中和高中进入大学这三次教育分流均产生重要影响，义务教育的影响程度比高中教育更为强烈，初中升高中最为关键。学生的年龄和教育阶段越低，家庭经济背景和学校教育背景特征越明显。在家庭背景无法改变的情况下，基础教育对农村学生具有特殊的重要意义。