School of Automotive and Rail Transit;
Nanjing Institute of Technology;
Nanjing 211167;
P.R.China;
College of Energy and Power Engineering;
Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics;
Nanjing 210016;
P.R.China;
vehicles; non⁃pneumatic mechanical elastic wheel; run⁃flat tire; radical stiffness; contact behavior;