水力梯度影响下WEPP模型估计细沟侵蚀参数的可行性分析

摘要

Rill erosion is one of the main sediment sources. Rill erodibility and critical shear stress are essential parameters for soil erosion prediction for Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEEP) model. Soil subsurface hydraulic gradient on soil loss is important to an accurate prediction of soil erosion and channel initiation. The objectives of this study were 1) to quantitatively explore the response of parameters of WEPP to different subsurface hydraulic gradients; and 2) to investigate the relationship between measured and calculate values in WEPP of critical shear stress. Taking typical yellow soil as example, runoff scouring experiment and a method of measuring critical shear stress were conducted by using a V-shaped soil pan under a slope of 5%. The experiments were carried out in Jinyun Mountain of the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, China (106°22′E, 29°45′N). A total of 5 hydraulic gradients were-1.43,-0.71, 0, 0.71 and 1.43 m/m and 3 discharges were 0.55, 1.58 and 2.51 L/min, respectively. Average runoff, average sediment, soil detachment rate and shear stress were determined by collecting runoff samples every 30 s intervals in 8 minutes for each experimental treatment. Rill erodibility and critical shear stress were calculated in WEPP model. The measured value of critical shear stress was determined by varying the flow rate until erosion began when soil particles were continuously detached. Results showed that the average runoff for all the experiments increased with the increase of hydraulic gradient. The average sediment increased with the increase of hydraulic gradient when discharges were 0.55 and 1.58 L/min, showing a change range of 2.55-5.77 and 14.58-28.74 g, respectively. However, when the hydraulic gradient was increased from-1.43 to 0 m/m and then to 1.43 m/m for 2.51 L/min discharge, the average sediment exhibited a trend of first sharp decrease from 46.10 to 24.48 g and then slight increase from 24.48 to 29.21 g. When the discharge was increased from 0.55 to 1.58 L/min and then to 2.51 L/min under the drainage conditions (hydraulic gradient from-1.43 to-0.71 m/m), the average sediment increased by 217.40%-217.39% and 64.38%-66.20%, respectively. However, when the discharge was increased from 1.58 to 2.51 L/min under the saturation/seepage conditions (hydraulic gradient from 0 to 1.43 m/m), the average sediment only increased by 1.64%-17.41%. The average sediment under the drainage conditions was 42.24%-88.32% higher than that under saturation/seepage conditions for 2.51 L/min discharge. The soil detachment rate decreased firstly and then changed stably with the increase of scouring time under the saturation/ seepage conditions, and the similar trend of soil detachment rate was found under the drainage conditions for 0.55 L/min discharge. However, the change tread of soil detachment rate were fluctuated under the drainage conditions with the increase of discharge, and the fluctuation of soil detachment rate under 2.51 L/min discharge was stronger than that under 1.58 L/min discharge. The average value of rill erodibility for the 5 hydraulic gradients was 2.51×10-2s/m. The value of rill erodibility under the saturation/seepage condition was 3.07×10-2s/m, and was then 1.78 times higher than that under drainage conditions. When the hydraulic gradient was-1.43 m/m, the critical shear stress was nearly equal between the calculated value in WEPP and the measured value. However, when hydraulic gradient ranged from-0.71 to 1.43 m/m, the calculated value overestimated from 14.24% to 55.02% with an average overestimate of 36.85% compared to the measured value. Moreover, an exponential relationship was fitted between the calculated value in WEPP model and the measured value of critical shear stress (R2 was 0.77, Nash coefficient was 0.66,P value was smaller than 0.01). This study not only provides a guidance for controlling soil erosion on yellow soil region, but also offers an important database for correcting critical shear stress of rill erosion in WEPP.%为分析近地表水文条件影响下WEPP(Water Erosion Prediction Project)模型估计细沟可蚀性和临界剪切力的可行性,该研究选取长江中上游地区典型黄壤为研究对象,采用不同水力梯度值模拟饱和/渗流(水力梯度为0、0.71和1.43 m/m)和排水(水力梯度为-0.71和-1.43 m/m)2种近地表水文条件,并设置3个放水流量(0.55、1.58、2.51 L/min),利用"V"形试验土槽测定不同条件下细沟产流产沙,以WEPP模型估算的土壤可蚀性和临界剪切力为计算值.测定增大流量直到侵蚀开始并出现连续不断的土壤颗粒分离时所对应的流量,将基于此流量计算获得的临界剪切力作为实测值.比较临界剪切力计算值与实测值验证WEPP模型估算的可靠性.结果表明,在饱和/渗流条件下,土壤剥蚀率随着冲刷历时的增加逐渐减小;在排水条件下,放水流量为0.55 L/min的土壤剥蚀率随冲刷历时的增加快速减少并逐步稳定,而随着放水流量增大土壤剥蚀率波动的更为剧烈.5个水力梯度平均细沟可蚀性为2.51×10-2 s/m.饱和/渗流条件下细沟可蚀性为3.07×10-2s/m,是排水条件的1.78倍.除水力梯度为-1.43 m/m时临界剪切力在WEPP模型中的计算值与实测值相符外,在-0.71~1.43 m/m范围内,临界剪切力的计算值均高估了实测值,平均高估了36.85%.临界剪切力实测值与计算值呈指数函数关系(R2=0.77,P<0.01).该研究可为黄壤的侵蚀防治及WEPP细沟侵蚀模型临界剪切力修正提供理论支持和科学指导.