利用生态炭肥修复土壤防治烟草根结线虫病与黑胫病

摘要

The occurrence and epidemic of tobacco root-knot nematode and black shank closely relate to soil micro-ecology environment. To study the effects on soil micro-ecology environment and control efficiency of eco-biochar fertilizers, field experiments including soil renovating, soil micro-ecology environment improving and tobacco root-knot nematode and black shank controlling with eco-biochar fertilizer were conducted in Luoyang dryland tobacco fields where tobacco was planted for four consecutive years and tobacco root-knotnematode and black shank occurred seriously. Furthermore, the control efficiencies of eco-biochar fertilizers, plant-based nematicide, fosthiazate (chemical pesticide) and avermectins (biological pesticide) were compared. The results showed that: 1) The amounts of bacteria and actinomycetes and the invertase activity in soil were significantly increased by the application of eco-biochar fertilizer M-20 (300 kg/ha), eco-biochar fertilizer EC-10 (150 kg/ha) and plant-based nematicide (30 kg/ha) during transplanting. The effects of M-20, EC-10 and plant-based nematicide on soil micro-ecology environment renovating were better than those of fosthiazate (30 kg/ha) and avermectins (45 kg/ha). 2) At late harvesting stage, the treatments in the order of control efficiency to tobacco root-knot nematode were EC-10 (80.53%)> plant-based nematicide (75.69%)> M-20 (75.46%)> fosthiazate(61.92%)> avermectins(26.71%). Meanwhile, the control efficiencies of M-20, EC-10 and plant-based nematicide to black shank were significantly higher than those of other treatments. Therefore, eco-biochar fertilizers can renovate soil and control tobacco root-knot nematode and black shank effectively.%烟草根结线虫病与黑胫病的发生流行与土壤微生态环境关系密切。为明确生态炭肥对土壤微生态的调节作用及防病效果，选择洛阳烟区连作4年且根结线虫病和黑胫病危害严重的旱地烟田，进行了生态炭肥修复土壤、改善土壤微生态环境、防治烟草根结线虫病与黑胫病的田间试验，并比较了生态炭肥、植物源杀线剂、化学农药噻唑膦、生物农药阿维菌素等的防病效果。结果表明：①移栽时用施生态炭肥M-20（300 kg/hm2）、生态炭肥EC-10（150 kg/hm2）、植物源杀线剂（30 kg/hm2）能够极显著增加土壤细菌、放线菌数量及提高土壤蔗糖酶活性，其修复土壤微生态环境的效果优于噻唑膦（30 kg/hm2）和阿维菌素（45 kg/hm2）；②不同处理采收末期对烟草根结线虫病的防效依次为生态炭肥EC-10（80.53%）>植物源杀线剂（75.69%）>生态炭肥M-20（75.46%）>噻唑膦（61.92%）>阿维菌素（26.71%）。同时，生态炭肥M-20、生态炭肥EC-10和植物源杀线剂对黑胫病的防效极显著高于其他处理。因此，利用生态炭肥可修复土壤并在一定程度上防治烟草根结线虫病和黑胫病。