根据1988～2006年东北黑土地区12个土壤肥力监测点的结果,统计分析了黑土区耕地施肥量、施肥结构和玉米产量的变化,阐明了黑土区19年玉米产量的演变趋势及施肥效果,为黑土持续利用提供理论依据.结果表明,常规施肥条件下耕作19年后,黑土区肥料总施用量(氮磷钾养分量)明显下降,从1988年的年均500 kg/hm~2下降到2006年的91 kg/hm~2.其中有机肥总养分量下降更明显,从1988年的269 kg/hm~2降至2006年的零投入;化肥总养分多年施用量变化不明显,年平均为247 kg/hm~2.不同监测点不施肥的玉米产量(基础地力)有较大的差异,基础地力高的土壤其相应的玉米施肥处理产量也较高,二者呈显著正相关关系(p<0.01).1988～1996年,黑土地区玉米增产率呈增加趋势,而基础地力贡献率由1988年的79%下降到1996年的42%;1997后变化不大,基础地力贡献率平均为63%.东北黑土地区较高的基础地力保证了玉米的高产和稳产,而施肥量的减少,特别是有机肥用量的减少降低了施肥的增产效果.%The trends of maize yield and fertilization effect on black soil were studied based on the results of 12 sites monitoring for 19 years to provide the theoretical basis of sustainable utilization.The result indicated that the amount of total nutri-ents(nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium)decreased year by year during experimental periods.The average total nutrient was 500 kg/hm~2 in 1988,only 91 kg/hm~2 in 2006.The organic nutrients decreased significantly during 19 years.The average amount of organic fertilizer was 269 kg/hm~2 in 1988,zero in 2006,meanwhile the chemical nutrients stabilized during 19 years.The average chemical nutrient was 247 kg/hm~2 per year.The basis soil fertility(yield with no fertilizer)was difference in various soils.Relationship between the maize grain yield with conventional fertilizer and the basis soil fertility(yield with no fertilizer)was significant positive correlation(p<0.01).The increasing ratio was significantly enhanced from 1988 to 1996.Percentage of basic soil fertility contribution to crop yield was decreased from 79% in 1988 to 42% in 1996.The percentage of basic soil fertility contribution to crop yield kept stable between 1997 and 2006,the average value was 63%.The maize yield was high and stable due to high basic soil productivity,but the effect yield increasing of fertilization on black soil was decreased with lowing amount of fertilizer with monitoring year going.
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