不同促腐菌剂对有机废弃物堆肥效果的研究

摘要

为了促进当地农业有机废弃物资源的循环利用,以牛粪、鸡粪、食用菌渣为堆肥原料并协调碳氮比为30∶1,添加不同的微生物菌剂进行堆肥,研究堆肥过程中的温度、pH值、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和发芽指数的变化趋势,比较不同菌剂处理在堆肥前后养分含量的差异.结果表明,枯草芽孢菌剂和EM菌剂处理堆肥初期升温快,发酵基和速腐剂处理堆肥初期升温相对缓慢;枯草芽孢菌剂处理高温阶段温度基本上维持在70℃上下,堆肥前后氮素损失率最大为33.18％,发芽指数最低,而EM菌剂处理的高温阶段温度维持在55～68℃,氮素损失率最小为10.73％,发芽指数在堆肥21 d为51.55％,达到了基本腐熟,堆肥35 d为84.27％,达到了完全腐熟,堆肥腐熟快于其他处理.因此,在利用牛粪等有机废弃物进行高温好氧堆肥过程中,需要选择具有多种微生物能够相互协调作用并适应高温堆肥的菌剂,并且菌剂用量适宜,以达到减少氮素损失,提高堆肥的效果.%To promote cyclic utilization of the local agricultural organic waste resources,taking cow dung,chicken manure,mushroom residue as the main raw material,adding different microbial agents in composting and coordinating carbon and nitrogen ratio of 30 ∶ 1,the changing tendency of temperature,pH,total nitrogen,ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen and germination index in the different microbial agents composting process were investigated,and the nutrient contents of different treatments before and after composting were compared.The results showed that the initial composting temperatures with bacillus subtilis agents and EM agents were faster,fermentation base agents and quick decomposing agent were slower.Bacillus subtilis agents composting temperature substantially maintained at about 70 ℃ in high-temperature phase,the loss rate of nitrogen was the highest by 33.18％ after composting,the germination index was the lowest,but EM agents composting temperature was 55 ～68 ℃ in high-temperature phase,the loss rate of nitrogen was the least by 10.73％,the germination index after composting 21 d was 51.55％,reaching basic maturity,composting 35 d up to 84.27％,reaching full maturity,composting maturity of EM agent was faster than other treatments.Therefore,using of cow dung and other organic waste high-temperature aerobic composting process,we need to choose tte composting agents which contain a variety of microorganisms which are able to coordinate with each other and adapt to the effects of high temperature,and suitable amount of agents should be used to reduce nitrogen loss and improve the composting effect.