基于不同时代的现实关怀,20世纪上半期的清学史论述亦形成各具特色的研究范式：清末章太炎和刘师培分别以汉代和明代两种汉人统治下发展出的学术形态为标准讨论清代学术,以彰显其在异族统治下的畸形发展,具有明显的反满革命色彩。民国时钱穆又将这一研究取向发展为从宋学角度考察清代学术,进而发展为余英时从儒学发展史角度讨论清代学术。同样,清末梁启超以西学为背景考察清代学术的研究取向,民国时也因学习西方民主、科学的时代要求,或发掘其科学精神,或强调其思想启蒙意义。%Based on the contemporary concerns of various periods of time,a series of research paradigms of Qing Academic history had developed during the first half of the twentieth century.Late Qing Zhang Taiyan and Liu Shipei respectively relied on the academic standards formed in Han and Ming-two dynasties ruled by Han Chinese-to discuss Qing Academic history in order to divulge its abnormal development under alien domination,thereby revealing intense anti-Manchuism.During Republi-can era,Qian Mu analyzed the Qing Academic history from the perspective of Song Studies,and this paradigm was later ad-vanced by Yu Yingshi,who placed it in the historical process of Confucianism development.At the same time,Late Qing Liang Qichao investigated this problem against a backdrop of Western Learning,and this approach was inherited and furthered by Re-publican-era scholars to disclose its scientific spirits,or emphasize its enlightening significance as a response to the demands of the times,that is,learning Western democracy and science.
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