从中国谋士到日本武士——论日本中世文学中张良形象的变异

摘要

The image of the Chinese counselor ZHANG Liang, which formed in the Chinese cultural context of Tao- ism, tended to become a samurai in Japanese medieval literature. In Gunki monogatari, ZHANG Liang gained the characteristic of braveness, an important quality of the samurai class, and literary works which had described ZHANG Liang＇s braveness appeared in a number of medieval genres such as Y6kyoku, KSwaka bukyoku and OtogizSshi. This transmutation was closely related to the spread of the story that ZHANG Liang accepted a military book on a bridge in Japan. In medieval Japan, the concept of warcraft consisted of strategy and martial art. There- fore, the authors who hadn＇t read Chinese military books, took the misinterpretation that ZHANG Liang＇s book was a martial art book as granted and thus formed a new image of ZHANG Liang who was proficient in martial art and fought bravely. Through the allusion of Kurama Tengu and the common syntax to juxtapose ZHANG Liang and FAN Kuai, the Samurai＇s characteristics of ZHANG Liang became more apparent in Japanese medieval literature.%不同于中国语境中的道家化,谋士张良的形象在日本中世文学中发生了武士化的变异。在军记物语中,张良与武士阶层的重要特征———武勇发生了联系。谣曲、幸若舞曲、御伽草子等文学体裁里均出现了描写张良勇猛品质的作品。这种变异与圯上受书故事在日本的流布密切相关。由于日本中世兵法概念包含用兵之术与武术两层含义,未曾阅读中国古代兵书的作者根据武士阶层对于个人武力的需要,自觉将张良所得兵书定位为武术秘籍,赋予了张良精于武艺、勇猛战斗的武士面貌。通过鞍马天狗传说的典故摄取和樊哙张良相并置的惯用句使用,张良身上的武士因素在中世文学中得以发扬光大。