英国职业足球运动员自由流动权利保障制度的演变及启示

摘要

自由流动权利是职业足球运动员一项基本的劳动就业权利,对于球员的生存与发展具有重要意义.研究认为,足球转会制度过度限制了球员的自由流动权利,造成劳资双方的对立冲突,严重影响职业足球的稳定发展.英国职业足球运动员自由流动权利法律保障体系完善,宪法是球员自由流动权利保障的根本法依据,竞争法是球员自由流动权利救济的判例法依据,欧盟法是球员自由流动权利保障的区域法依据,移民法是球员自由流动活动规范的涉外法依据,国际条约是球员自由流动权利保障的国际法依据.英国职业足球转会限制逐渐放松,先后经历了严格限制球员转会、适度放松转会限制、实现劳资协商转会、实现全面自由转会四个主要阶段.英国职业足球运动员工会为职业球员提供集体维权和转会咨询等转会服务.完善我国职业球员自由流动权利保障制度,需要政府加强劳动立法引导,法院借鉴体育判例制度,协会完善球员转会制度,行业落实集体协商制度,明确球员工会维权地位,工会健全转会服务职能.%The free flow of rights is a basic employment rights of a professional football player,has a great significance to survival and development of the player.The research conclusions are as follows:1)Football transfer system limits a football players' free flows rights excessively,which causes the conflicts of labor and capital,and brings serious influence of professional football development.2)British legal security system of professional football players' free flow rights is perfect.The constitution is the fundamental law of players' free flow right protection and competition law is the case law to remedy players' free flow right protection,European Union law is the area law of players' free flow rights protection,immigration law is the foreign-related law of players' free flow right protection,and international treaty is the international law of players' free flow of rights protection.3) British professional football transfer restrictions are gradually getting less,which has experienced four stages of development,such as strictly limited transfer,moderate transfer limit,bargaining on players' transfer and achieving fully free transfer.4) PFA provides professional players' collective bargaining of rights and transfer consulting services.5) In order to protect Chinese professional players' free flow of rights,Chinese government should strengthen labor legislation,court should refer to sport precedent system,sport associations should improve the transfer system,sport industry should carry out the collective bargaining system and confirm rights protection status of the players' union,and players' union should perfect transfer service function.