建筑业从业人员的危险认知差异特性及成因——基于管理人员与作业人员的比较

摘要

To grasp the difference status of hazard cognition for construction employees in different posts,based on the cognitive psychology,the basic characteristics,results difference and causes of hazard cognition for construction employees were studied from the perspective of post difference by using the methods of behavior investigation,psychometric paradigm and comparative analysis.The results showed that the hazard cognition of construction employees has the characteristics of process variability,result fuzziness,mode imitation and individual difference.Under the same conditions,the managers have a high-er level of hazard cognition than the workers,so they can be more active in searching for the dangerous scenes of construction and keep higher sensitivity to the construction safety accidents.The difference of the occupational background,behavior income and sensitivity of hazard stimulation are the important reasons for the difference in hazard cognition of construction employees in different posts.%为掌握不同岗位建筑业从业人员危险认知的差异状况,以认知心理学为基础,从岗位差异角度,采用了行为调查法、心理测量范式及对比分析法,研究了建筑业从业人员危险认知的基本特性、结果差异及成因.结果表明:建筑业从业人员的危险认知具有过程变化性、结果模糊性、方式效仿性、个体差异性的特点;相同条件下,管理人员比作业人员具有更高的危险认知水平,能更主动地搜索施工危险场景,并对施工安全事故保持较高敏感性;职业背景、行为收益及危险刺激敏感性的不同是造成不同岗位建筑业从业人员危险认知差异的重要原因.