国家重点生态功能区生态补偿制度建设的主要问题与对策研究

摘要

At the end of the 1990s China started to construct an ecological compensation system for national key ecological function areas. An eco-compensation system focusing on the "Transfer Payment of National Key Ecological Function Areas" has been established. The current eco-compensation system has played a positive role in improving the ecological environment of national key ecological function areas; but the ecological effect is weakening due to existing problems in the eco-compensation system such as unreasonable calculation of compensation standards, poor expression of rights and interests of stakeholders, simple sources of capital and modes of compensation. For better development, the eco-compensation system should be improved by (ⅰ) adhering to the combination of vertical compensation (oriented) and horizontal compensation (auxiliary) on the whole and establishing a transfer payment system of eco-compensation at national scale; (ⅱ) defining the compensation standard according to ecological protection costs, development opportunity costs and ecological service values and adding indicators that relfect economic green transformation to evaluate compensation effects; (ⅲ) gradually building a utilization system of eco-compensation funds in which multi-stakeholders participate and establishing a green development-oriented system to evaluate the performance of local governments; and (ⅳ) cultivating a new business pattern where ecological services are the product, to grow the ecological service industry.%我国于20世纪90年代末期启动了国家重点生态功能区的生态补偿制度建设,经过十余年的探索,目前形成了以"国家重点生态功能区转移支付"为主体的补偿制度.从实施效果看,现行的生态补偿制度的确为改善重点生态功能区的生态环境发挥了一定的积极作用,但其效果呈现减弱趋势,这主要是由于现行的补偿制度本身存在许多问题,突出地体现在补偿标准的计算方法不合理、利益相关者权益没有得到充分体现、补偿资金来源渠道和补偿方式单一等方面.从未来看,应从如下几个方面完善生态补偿制度:(1)坚持纵向补偿为主、横向补偿为辅、纵横结合的总体思路,考虑设立国家生态补偿转移支付;(2)以生态保护成本、发展机会成本、生态服务价值作为补偿标准的确定基础,在补偿效果评估方面增加反映经济绿化程度的指标;(3)逐步建立多利益相关者参与的补偿资金使用机制,建立以绿色发展为导向的地方政府政绩考核机制;(4)积极培育以生态服务为产品的新兴业态,促进生态服务产业的繁荣.