Objective To understand death status and related factors of children under 5 years old in Yuzhong District of Chongqing from 2009 to 2013 to provide scientific basis for reducing the mortality rate of children below 5 years old. Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out by the surveillance data of death of children below 5 years old in Yuzhong District from 2009 to 2013. Upon the investigation and quality control to the children birth and death by the three-tertiary medical and preven-tive health care network under the jurisdiction according to China′s Maternal and Child Health Monitoring Programme and Death Monitoring Programme of Children under 5 Years Old Programme in China concerning regulations related to death monitoring of children under 5 years old and ICD-10 code of international disease classification.The data adoptedχ2 test. Results The mortality rate of infant,newborns and children under 5 years old in Yuzhong District from 2009 to 2013 was decreased firstly and then in-creased. There was no statistical significance of mortality rate between the male and female children[0.378%(50/13 225) vs. 0.311%(39/12 536)](χ2=0.838,P>0.05). The proportion of premature and low birth weight in the constitution of causes of death was raised significantly,of which,the premature ratio was from 11.76% up to 56.00%,whose difference had statistical significance (trend inspectionχ2=11.650,P<0.05),and the low birth weight was from 23.53%to 56.00%,the difference was statistically sig-nificant(trend inspectionχ2=9.950,P<0.05). Conclusion Strengthening the perinatal health care,reducing the occurrence of birth defect and premature,increasing business skills training for the maternal and child health care,it improves the diagnostic abili-ty of children′s diseases. Meanwhile,relying on the family doctor service mode to strengthen children health management system, strengthening the social medical security ability are the important measures to reduce the mortality rate of children under 5 years old.%目的：了解重庆市渝中区2009~2013年5岁以下儿童死亡情况和相关影响因素，为制订有效的干预措施、降低5岁以下儿童死亡率提供科学依据。方法对2009~2013年渝中区5岁以下儿童死因监测资料进行回顾性分析，依据《中国妇幼卫生监测方案》和《中国5岁以下儿童死亡监测方案》中关于5岁以下儿童死亡监测的相关规定及国际疾病分类10（ICD-10）编码，通过辖区三级医疗保健网络对儿童出生及死亡情况进行调查和质控。死因按照ICD-10进行分类，数据采用χ2检验。结果2009~2013年重庆市渝中区5岁以下儿童总死亡率、新生儿死亡率和婴儿死亡率呈先下降后升高趋势。5岁以下男童死亡率[0.38%（50/13225）]与女童死亡率[0.31%（39/12536）]比较，差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.838，P＞0.05）；早产、低出生体质量在死因构成中的比例明显增加，早产构成比由11.76%增加至56.00%，差异有统计学意义（趋势性检验χ2=11.650，P＜0.05）；低出生体质量构成比由23.53%上升至56.00%，差异有统计学意义（趋势性检验χ2=9.950， P＜0.05）。结论加强围生期保健，减少出生缺陷、早产儿的发生；增加对妇幼保健人员业务技能培训，提高儿童疾病诊治能力；依托家庭医生制订服务模式，强化儿童保健系统管理；增强社会医疗保障能力是降低5岁以下儿童死亡率的重要措施。
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