State Key Laboratory of Solidifi cation Processing;
Northwestern Polytechnical University;
Xi’an 710072;
China;
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Friction Welding Technologies;
Northwestern Polytechnical University;
Xi’an 710072;
China;
AVIC Manufacture Technology Institute;
Beijing 100024;
China;
Submillimeter; Plunge; depth; Mechanical; properties; Friction; stir; lap; welding;