RFID技术的发展使得实时信息的获取更加经济可行,利用RFID获得的实时准确的库存信息可优化订货决策,解决库存不准确问题.目前大多数相关研究仅考虑RFID获得数据的统计信息,没有考虑数据实时性带来的价值.少量文献将库存实时信息融入订货决策过程,但没有考虑供应链各参与方之间的博弈.本文旨在设计一个考虑库存实时信息的利益协同机制以最大化供应链整体利益.本文研究发现下游荻取RFID带来的可见性收益(提供实时信息使供应链透明)将使上游的库存成本上升,而获取的预防性收益(结合其他技术减少库存不准确)将使上游的采购成本降低.在一定条件下,当下游放弃RFID的可见性收益而只获取预防性收益时,整体链条的利益可实现最大化.本文进一步利用夏普利值法对链条增加的利益按各方的溢价能力进行分配,确保协同机制的公平性和有效性.本文旨在通过深入分析RFID获取的实时信息对供应链成本和协同的影响,以更好地解决库存不准确问题,并指导RFID在供应链上的协同创新.%Obtaining real-time information is becoming more and more economically feasible with the development of RFID technology.The timely and accurate inventory information enabled by RFID can help optimize the ordering decisions and resolve inventory inaccuracy problem.However,most of the existing works that address inventory inaccuracy only consider the statistical inventory information calculated from RFID,rather than use the real-time data enabled by RFID into account in the decision-making process,which may not take full advantage of RFID benefits.We study a two-stage decentralized supply chain composed of a retailer and a manufacturer.Both of them face inventory inaccuracy problem.There are two kinds of RFID benefits:visibility benefit (RFID provides accurate inventory data in a timely manner to achieve supply chain visibility),and prevention benefit (RFID combines with other technologies to prevent or reduce inventory errors).We show that the effect of the two RFID benefits of the retailer and the manufacturer are interrelated and have different impacts on each other,which are specified as follows.(1) RFID visibility and prevention benefits of the retailer and manufacturer reduce their inventory and purchase costs,respectively.(2) RFID visibility in the retailer side increases the manufacturer's inventory cost,but RFID prevention in the retailer side decreases the manufacturer's purchase cost.The above results imply that the manufacturer may be motivated to induce the retailer to retain merely inventory statistical information,in order to alleviate its increasing inventory cost incurred by the retailer's visibility benefit.On the other hand,the retailer is also incentivized to persuade the manufacturer to apply RFID,in order to share RFID investment cost.It is clear that there exists some collaboration opportunities within the supply chain.We thus design a collaboration mechanism with the consideration of real-time inventory information,and shows the conditions where the mechanism can hold.The goal of global optimal collaborative design is to minimize the total supply chain cost.The retailer only uses statistical inventory information and acquires prevention benefit.The manufacturer applies real-time information and acquires both prevention and visibility benefits.Furthermore,we use Shapley-value-method to allocate supply chain's net benefit in accordance with each party's bargaining power in order to ensure the fairness and effectiveness of the mechanism.The theoretical and numerical analyses imply the following managerial insights.(1) Supply chain collaboration is easier to achieve when (a) one party already applies RFID,(b) inventory inaccuracy is more severe,(c) RFID tag cost is lower,and (d) the product value is higher.(2) The retailer always seizes the majority of the net benefits compared with the manufacturer.With the RFID tag cost continuously going down,the manufacturer's bargaining power will be even lower in the future.This paper aims to investigate the impact of real-time information enabled by RFID on the supply chain cost and coordination,in order to better resolve inventory inaccuracy problem,and shed lights on RFID innovative application in supply chain management.
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