论谭嗣同认识哲学的目的、器官和变革

摘要

The focus of Chinese modern philosophy is the ontology philosophy and historical philosophy, and cognitive philosophy is not in a marked position. In this contest, Tan Sitong's cognitive philosophy becomes important. While defining the cognitive purpose, he explores the cognitive organ. He makes heart the physiological organ deciding blood, and emphasizes cognition stems from the cerebrum. Tan Sitong is the earliest modern philosopher who explores the cerebrum, and his annotating to cerebrum is remarkable. The transform from heart into cerebrum was the breakthrough of Tan Sitong's cognitive philosophy, which shows its distinction from the ancient philosophy and gives impetus to the transform of the modern cognitive philosophy. And admittedly, Tan Sitong's cognitive philosophy and the knowledge about heart and cerebrum, with historical limitations, fall into theoretical misunderstandings that can not be ignored.%近代哲学的重心是以心学为旨归的本体哲学和以进化史观为主体的历史哲学,认识哲学并非其中的"显学".在这种背景下,谭嗣同的认识哲学便显得重要起来.他在明确认识目标的同时,对认识器官进行探究,一面将心还原为司血的生理器官,一面强调知"必出于脑".谭嗣同是最早对脑进行哲学思考的近代哲学家,对脑的诠释尤为引人注目.由心到脑的递嬗是谭嗣同认识哲学变革的突破口,既显示了与古代认识的迥异其趣,又推动了近代认识哲学的转型,意义非凡.与此同时,谭嗣同的认识哲学以及对心、脑的认识陷入不容忽视的理论误区,带有那个时代共有的历史局限.