为实现空调风系统内传感器的优化布置,以期能在生化恐怖袭击对整个建筑影响较小时监测到污染物,基于遗传算法,以空调风系统最低污染物输出量为优化目标函数,研究风系统采用不同传感器数目、是否使用经优化的传感器布置方案及节点间距的选取和传感器精度对优化目标函数的影响.算例结果表明:针对某一特定风系统,所设传感器数量越多,得到的风系统最低污染物输出量越小,但当风系统中的传感器数目超过3个时,每增加一个传感器,系统污染物最低输出量占污染物总量的比仅降低约2.0％.考虑到单个传感器成本较高,因而该风系统宜采用的传感器数目为3个;当风系统采用3个传感器时,经优化后的方案能使优化目标函数值平均降低59.3％,且系统污染物最低输出量对传感器监测误差和长直管段节点间距的选取并不敏感.采用经遗传算法优化后的布置方案可使传感器在风系统向室内输出污染物量最小时监测到污染物,进而发出预警并反馈浓度信息,有助于建筑安控中心采取相应应急措施保障室内人员安全.%This paper illustrated an optimization method of sensor layout in air duct system, aiming at detecting toxicant before any catastrophic consequence in a bio-terrorist attack. The method was based on genetic algorithm ( GA) with minimal emissions as objective function of the optimization procedure. In this paper, we discussed the impact of the number of sensors, the distance between nodes and the accuracy of sensors on the optimizing objective function. Results of a case study showed that the minimal emission of contaminants decreased significantly as more sensors were set in the ventilation system. However, the decrement provided by every sensor was only about 2％when the number of sensors exceeded three. Thus, the optimized number of sensors in this case was supposed to be three, considering the high cost of each sensor. Moreover, the value of the objective function was reduced by 59.3％with sensor layout optimization applied with three sensors while the effects of the accuracy of sensors and the distance between nodes were not significant. In conclusion, adopting the sensor layout optimized with GA ensured the detection of contaminants with the minimal distribution into rooms, which enabled a security control center to learn the concentration and location of the contaminants and respond quickly.
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