科学的发展和理性的高扬标示着启蒙运动以来的社会进步，而在《论科学与艺术》和《论人类不平等的起源和基础》中，卢梭却认为科学的进步是道德败坏的根源，文明的演进反而意味着人类的堕落。他以“自然”价值优先的逻辑，论证了科技进步与风俗败坏、理性高扬与道德情感衰微的内在联系，从外在风尚和内在情感两个层面展开了文明社会的道德难题。这一难题开启了对理性主义和科技文明所标示的启蒙的反省，揭示了社会进步背后隐藏的道德危机。%The development of science and the uplift of reason have been making social progress since the enlight⁃enment. In the book“The Theory of Science and Art”and“The Origin and Basis of Human Inequality”, however, Rousseau thinks that the progress of science is the cause of moral corruption and the evolution of civilization means the depravity of humans. Based on his logic of“natural”value priority, he demonstrates that the progress of science and technology brings about customary corruption and that the uplift of reason leads to the decline of moral emotion. He explains the moral dilemma of civilized society in external and internal aspects. His problem begins a reflection on rationalism and technology, reveals the moral crisis behind social progress simultaneously.
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