北京清代官式琉璃构件胎体的工艺研究

摘要

利用波长色散X射线荧光光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、热膨胀分析仪、扫描电子显微镜等手段,对北京清代官式琉璃构件胎体的元素含量、物相组成、烧成温度、显微结构及物理性能进行了测试与观察,并结合北京门头沟地区煤矸石原料进行了讨论.结果表明:清代不同时期官式琉璃构件胎体元素组成略有不同,古代工匠依据不同煤矸石原料的物理化学性能差异,有目的选择不同地层、不同地点的煤矸石或用不同比例的煤矸石原料来配制胎体；在清代早期到清代晚期的琉璃构件中,虽然胎体的烧成温度基本相同,但其耐火度逐渐降低；相对于清代早期的琉璃构件胎体而言,清代晚期的琉璃构件胎体烧结程度高、性能好、结构致密.%To investigate raw material and firing temperature technology characteristic of Qing Dynasty official building glazed tiles, the chemical composition, crystal composition, firing temperature, microstruc-ture and physical properties of the bodies were determined and observed by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry(WDXRF), X-ray diffraction(XRD), thermomechanical analyzer and scanning e-lectron microscope(SEM). Gangue raw materials collected from Beijing Mentougou region were also analyzed and discussed. The results indicate that chemical compositions of official glazed tile body in different period of Qing Dynasty have a little difference. Ancient potters selected gangue from different place, different stratum or applied different ratio of gangue in Mentougou region purposefully to make glazed tile body according to their physical chemical properties. Refractoriness of Qing Dynasty glazed tile bodies decreases gradually and firing temperature keeps similar, indicating that glazed tile bodies of late Qing Dynasty had higher sintering degree, better physical properties and denser microstructure.