16至20世纪,欧洲未婚母亲和非婚生子女的法律地位发生了巨大的变化。最关键的变革发生在19世纪,这一是由于婚外生育的剧增,二是由于人们对贫困、财产、个人权利、国家职责的新思考。许多欧洲国家取消了＂认父＂程序：从此,只有主动承认亲子关系的父亲才对孩子负有义务,于是这一负担完全落在了女性身上。20世纪初,受女权运动的冲击,不少国家改革了相关立法,斯堪的纳维亚国家走得最远。另一些国家则到20世纪60年代才取消了对未婚母亲及其子女的歧视。在欧洲的宏观背景下考察瑞士的辩论,并特别关注两性间的社会关系。同时,也对瑞士四个村庄司法户籍档案进行案例分析,体味其中的个体境遇,量化法律改革的社会影响。%From the 16th to 20th century in Europe,the legal status of unmarried mothers and illegitimate children has undergone major reforms.The most important ones took place in the 19th century,in connection with a significant increase in the proportion of births outside marriage,and with new public debates on the issues of poverty,property,individual rights,and the role of the state.Many European countries prohibited the procedure called ＂paternity search＂,which aimed to prosecute the biological father and to force him to support the child.Hence-forth,only voluntary recognition of a child should lead to paternal responsibility and financial support;as such recognition were exceptional,ma-terial and moral costs of illegitimacy felled mostly on women.This unequal treatment arose more and more criticism.In the early 20th century,partly under pressure from feminist movements,legislative reforms were introduced in several countries,the most radical ones in the Scandina-vian countries.Elsewhere in Europe,important discriminations against single mothers and illegitimate children persisted until the sixties.This ar-ticle provides a discussion of the Swiss debates,situated in this European perspective,and using gender as a useful tool of historical analysis.The general discussion is illustrated by a case study of four Swiss villages;the archives of court and vital records statistics provide interesting insights into the social consequences of these legal changes.
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