水稻渗落式全程深施肥模式的增产效果研究

摘要

[目的]以超级稻东农431(Oryza sativa L.)为试验材料,重点研究了水稻渗落式全程深施肥模式的增产效果.[方法]采用随机区组设计,设4个施肥处理:渗落式全程深施肥(DAF)[施基肥(氮肥和钾肥各50％,磷肥100％)之后进行翻地；追肥分别于幼穗分化前施氮30％,抽穗前施氮10％和钾50％,齐穗期施氮10％；灌水方法为浅、湿、干交替,追肥在晒田干至有裂纹时结合灌水施下,“裂纹渗落,以水带氮”]；全层施肥(IAF)[施基肥(氮肥60％,钾肥为50％,磷肥为100％)后耙地；追肥分别于分蘖始期施氮20％,抽穗前施氮15％和钾50％,齐穗期施氮5％]；表层施肥(SAF)(耙地后将基肥施入,追肥同全层施肥)；不施氮肥(对照CK)(纯氮为0 kg/hm2,磷肥和钾肥的施用方法同表层施肥).各处理施纯氮150 kg/hm2,N∶P∶ K=4∶2∶1,即尿素262.5 kg/hm2,磷酸二铵163.5 kg/hm2,硫酸钾75.0kg/hm2.[结果]全程深施肥方法中,氮素利用率和氮肥农学利用率较其他施肥方法分别提高了17.18％～23.73％和14.08％～18.96％;最高分蘖临界期较其他施肥方法延长了7d左右且有效分蘖数达到361个/m2,较其他施肥方法提高了29 - 39个/m2；从灌浆始期(IS期)至灌浆末期(LS期),叶绿素含量和叶面积指数均以全程深施肥方法为最高,且呈如下顺序:全程深施＞全层施＞表施＞无肥区;从拔节期(JS期)至成熟期(RS期),干物质积累量均以全程深施肥方法为最高,且呈如下顺序:全程深施＞全层施＞表施＞无肥区.全程深施肥处理的产量达到11 580.0 kg/hm2,较其他施肥方法提高了2 112.0～2 844.0kg/hm2.[结论]全程深施肥方法能够显著提高水稻产量,适于在北方寒地稻作区大面积推广.%[ Objective] The purpose was to mainly study effect of rice yield - increasing under the DAF model by using a super - high yielding rice variety Dongnong 431 as material. [ Method] Four fertilizer treatments were designed by randomized block design, such as DAF, (IAF), surface - layer application of fertilized SAF) and control CK. DAF was ploughing soil after applying base fertilized 50% of total nitrogen fertilizer , 50% of total potassium fertilizer, and 100% phosphate fertilizer) and 3 times additional fertilizer( applying 30% of total nitrogen fertilizer before ear differentiation, 10% of total nitrogen fertilizer and 50% of total potassium fertilizer before heading, and 10% of total nitrogen fertilizer at full heading stage) applying at field having rrack combining with irrigation and irrigation method of shallow and dry - wet circulation. IAF was harrowing after applying base fertilizer( applying 60% of total nitrogen fertilizer, 50% of total potassium fertilizer, and 100% phosphate fertilizer) and 3 times additional fertilized applying 20% of total nitrogen fertilizer at beginning of tillering stage, 15% of total nitrogen fertilizer and 50% of total potassium fertilizer before heading, and 5% of total nitrogen fertilizer at full heading stage). SAF was harrowing before applying base fertilizer, and additional fertilizers applying method same as IAF. CK was no nitrogen fertilizer application, and potassium and phosphate fertilisers applying method same as SAF. In every treatment, 150 kg/hm2 nitrogen fertilizer was applied, and N: P:K = 4- 2-1, namely applying urea amount was 262.5 kg/hm2, diammonium phosphate [( INH4 )2P:O5 ] amount was 163.5 kg/hm:, potassium sulfate ( K2 SO4) amount was 75.0 kg/hm2. [ Result ] The results showed thai apparent nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen agronomic efficiency respectively increased by 17.18% -23.73% and 14. 08% - 18. 96% compared with other fertilizer application used in this experiment; Maximum critical tillering stage prolonged about a week and productive tiller number reached 361 tillers/m , increasing by 29 - 39 tillers/m in comparison with other treatments; Chlorophyll contents and leaf area index of rice leaf were all the highest in value from initial grain - filling stage to late grain - filling stage under the DAF application model and appeared in the following order: DAF > IAF > SAF > NF. Dry matter accumulation of rice was highest from jointing stage to ripening stage under DAF application model and appeared in the following order; DAF > IAF > SAF > NF. Rice yield of DAF treatment reached 11 580.0 kg/hm3, increasing by 2 112.0 - 2 844.0 kg/hm2 compared with other three fertilizer application models. [ Conclusion] DAF can increased rice yield significantly, and the fertilizer application method should be promoted properly and extensively in Heilongjiang Province.