文章辨析了草原退化与土地荒漠化2个概念，草原退化是由不合理的人类活动和脆弱的生态环境相互作用所造成的，最终演变为土地荒漠化。选取鄂尔多斯草原与坝上草原2个北方典型区域作为研究对象，概述其现状，两者均发生生态退化现象。从自然机制上说，自然气候、降水、土壤、植被、易发生的自然灾害、易发生的生物灾害等均是导致其退化的原因。鄂尔多斯草原和坝上草原的草原退化的人为原因表现出一致性，例如不合理的开垦土地，过度放牧、过度樵采及挖掘中药材，不合理的旅游资源开发和城镇工程建设等。退化机理表现为：自然地理因素决定了自然环境的脆弱性，人文地理因素进一步影响了自然环境的脆弱性，这样导致草原退化，反作用于人类生态系统，又进一步反作用于自然生态系统。因此，从草原退化演替规律、定牧的原则、制度几个方面进行讨论，文章认为草原畜牧业要想可持续发展，必须落实“以草定畜”与“草畜平衡”制度，实行划区轮牧、休牧和禁牧制度。%Grassland degradation and desertification are conceptually different, grassland degradation is caused by interaction of irrational human activities and fragile ecological environment, and it can turn into desertification. Two northern regions:Ordos’s grassland and Bashang prairie were selected as typical objects of the study, both of which occurred degradation. From the natural mechanism level, natural climate, rainfall, soil, vegetation, incidental natural and biological disasters were reason which led to degradation. Grassland degradation in Ordos’s grassland and Bashang prairie performed consistent human reasons, for instance:irrational land reclamation, overgrazing, firewood collection and over-excavation of Chinese herbal medicines, irrational tourism resources development and excessive urban construction. Degradation mechanism manifests in this way: natural factors determined the fragility of the natural environment, worse still, human factors further influenced the vulnerability of the natural environment, this had led to grassland degradation, created a feedback loop with human systems, further reacted in natural systems. Therefore, based on grassland degradation succession law, in order to realize sustainable development of grassland animal husbandry, regulations named‘decide livestock quantity according to grass resource’and‘drag a balance between grassland and livestock’must be implemented. What’s more, rotation grazing, rest grazing and prohibition of grazing should also be carried out.
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