Department of Automotive Technology;
Recep Tayyip Erdogan University;
Rize 53020;
Turkey;
Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering;
Karadeniz Technical University;
Trabzon 61530;
Turkey;
Department of Mechanical Engineering;
Karadeniz Technical University;
Trabzon 61080;
Turkey;
friction; stir; welding; IF-steel; aluminum; alloy; microstructure; mechanical; properties; formability;