从现代性和文化多样性看非物质文化遗产的法律保护

摘要

Since the industrial revolution, same as the biodiversity, the cultural diversity has been eroded from the so-called modernity. Under the United Nations’ Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH), States Parties are required to safeguard the intangible cultural heritage. Whereas the controversy on its safeguarding objects exists as the result of insufifcient abstractness of the provisions, which also affects the legislation of our country. This paper demonstrates the safeguarding objects of the intangible cultural heritage from such aspects as culture itself, legislation intent, safeguarding measures and so on. It holds that the essence of the intangible cultural heritage is a survival mode. The safeguarding scope includes not only the knowledge or forms based on the survival mode, but also the capability of creation, and the survival mode itself which could apply the capability. However, in the context of modernity, the safeguarding faces great predicament. On account of the improper commercialization and the general lack of folk belief, together with other reasons, it is hard to achieve the safeguarding requirements, which are the authenticity, the heritage and the integrity prescribed in ICH Law of our country, thus affecting the safeguarding effect. On a long view, it leaves the legislation, judicial practice, and jurisprudential circle, with an open issue needed to be thought about for a long time.%工业革命以来，文化多样性与生物多样性一样，也遭受着所谓现代性的侵蚀。联合国《保护非物质文化遗产公约》要求缔约国对非物质文化遗产进行保护，然而对其保护对象在规定上因抽象性不强而留有争论，此也影响到我国立法。从文化本身、立法目的和保护措施等方面，对非物质文化遗产保护对象进行论证表明，非物质文化遗产本质是一种生存样式（方式），其保护的不仅是基于该生存方式而生的知识或形式，也更是针对创造这种形式的能力，以及运用这种能力的生存方式本身。但是，在现代性的背景下，保护面临极大困境，因不当商业化和民间信仰的普遍缺失等原因，我国《非物质文化遗产法》规定的“真实性”、“传承性”和“整体性”保护要求实际难以达到，从而影响保护效果。从长远看，这是立法和司法实践以及法学界应长期思考的未决问题。