the State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049Qingdao Academy of Intelligent Industries Qingdao 266109 China;
the State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049Qingdao Academy of Intelligent Industries Qingdao 266109 China;
the State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190Qingdao Academy of Intelligent Industries Qingdao 266109 Chinathe Institute of Systems Engineering Macau University of Science and Technology;
Index Terms—Continuous-time linear systems; digital twin; parallel controller; parallel intelligence; parallel systems;