2014至2016年石家庄市农村环境卫生情况调查分析

摘要

目的 调查石家庄市2014至2016年农村环境卫生情况,为环境卫生综合治理提供科学依据.方法 按分层随机抽样方法,每年随机抽取6个县、30个乡(镇)、120个村、60所小学和初中、600户家庭,涉及调查内容主要是生活垃圾、生活污水处理情况、家庭卫生情况、病媒防治情况、土壤重金属检测情况、农村学校卫生调查等内容.结果 2014至2016年,被调查监测点中,卫生户厕覆盖率逐年上升(P<0. 05),无厕所情况已消失;污水处理以卫生排放为主,比例逐年上升(P<0. 05),生活垃圾的收集方式中随意堆放的比例逐年下降(P<0. 05),统一收集比例逐年上升(P<0.05);厨房苍蝇检出率较高,厨房鼠迹呈逐年下降趋势(P<0. 05);土壤镉含量超标率分别为5. 83%、7. 50% 、6. 67% ,蛔虫卵检出率分别为35% 、40. 8% 、30. 0% .结论 2014至2016年石家庄市农村监测点垃圾、污水处理情况均有所改善,病媒控制工作还需进一步加强,部分地区存在土壤镉含量超标情况,应引起重视.%Objective To investigate and analyze the situation of rural environmental sanitation in Shijiazhuang from 2014 to 2016 in order to provide scientific basis for environmental hygiene management. Methods The stratified random sampling method was used to select 30 townships,120 villages ,60 primary and junior schools and 600 families from 6 counties in Shijiazhuang every year. The investigation contents of the survey mainly included life garbage, domestic sewage treatment, family health status, vector control and treatment condition, soil heavy metal detection and rural school health surveys. Results Among the monitoring sites from 2014 to 2016, the coverage rate of sanitary toilets was 67. 6% , 71. 8% and 74. 7% ,respectively, with year-by-year increase (P<0. 05), and the condition without toilets had disappeared. Moreover the sewage treatment mode was mainly sanitary discharging, and its proportion was increased year by year (56. 7% , 68. 3% , 70% ,respectively,P >0. 05). Moreover the proportion of the random stacking of life garbage was decreased year by year (12. 5% , 9. 2% , 3. 3% , respectively,P<0. 05), however, the proportion of unified collection was increased year by year (10% , 34. 2% , 46. 7% , respectively,P<0. 05). In addition the detection rate of flies in kitchen was higher (45. 8% , 54.6%, 50.0%, respectively),whereas the number of rats in kitchen was decreased year by year (18. 3%, 14. 8%, 11. 3% ,respectively,P<0. 05). Besides the over-standard rates of cadmium in soils were 5. 83% , 7. 50% and 6. 67% , respectively,and the detection rates of ascaris eggs were 35% , 40. 8% and 30. 0% , respectively. Conclusion The condition of garbage and sewage treatment in rural monitoring sites in Shijiazhuang from 2014 to 2016 has been improved at some extent, however, vector control work needs to be further strengthened. In some areas, excessive levels of cadmium in soils should be paid much attention to.