指纹因其特异性、稳定性以及触物留痕的特点，长期以来被誉为“证据之首”，广泛应用于身份识别。犯罪现场潜在手印的提取率、提取质量直接决定着手印查询和比对效果，进而影响手印证据作用的发挥，因此潜在手印显现技术的探索一直是指纹学领域研究热点之一。本文首先回顾了汗潜手印显现方法研究的历史及现状，并对手印显现发展各个历史阶段的起缘、内容和成果进行了梳理，按照指纹遗留客体的不同，从非渗透性、渗透性、半渗透性及适用于多种客体表面的综合显现法等方面进行分析，总结了该领域研究当前面临的重要问题，对潜在手印显现方法发展趋势研究予以前瞻性展望。%Fingermark is one of the most valuable physical evidence and generalized proof of identity for its characteristics of specialty and stability. Latent fingermark, the most common evidence, poses the most challenges when being examined to show contrast present yet non-sufficient between the mark and its support. Surface phenomena and environmental conditions play an important role in the choice of fingerprint detection techniques. In general, all surfaces bearing latent fingermarks can be divided into three types: porous, semi-porous and nonporous. Property of an unknown surface has to be considered before any attempt is made to develop latent fingermark. Preliminary test should be conducted on a similar surface before proceeding with any treatment of an evidential item. Along with the fingermark detection technology being improved, the process has been further optimized and its sensitivity and specificity being advanced. In this paper, the latest techniques and material used in different surfaces to enhance and record fingermarks are reviewed. A larger number of techniques are presented here and discussed according to surface properties from practical perspective. For example, optical detection, fingerprint powder, small-particle reagent (SPR), cyanoacrylate fuming and vacuum metal deposition (VMD) can be used to nonporous surface. Ninhydrin, physical developer (PD) can be used to porous surface, some miscellaneous techniques can be applied to a wide range of porous and nonporous surfaces, even for some challenging surfaces. Furthermore, some modern instrument analysis techniques can be used to enhance the visualization of latent fingermarks. Finally, we summarize the advance of research on the development of latent fingermarks, discuss the challenges facing the fingermarks examiners, and predict the future and perspective research of latent fingermarks development.
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