1.Background and context Maximizing the value of distributed energy resources(DERs)on the Australian electricity energy system while also making sure that their widespread uptake does not compromise system stability and reliability is a looming challenge for energy network operators and market operators.In the absence of a national standard for DER connectivity and third-party external control,equipment manufactured for the DER market,such as residential photovoltaic(PV)inverters and battery storage systems cannot provide optimal value to the energy system.The main challenges relate to high penetrations of unmanaged PV systems,which can result in power-quality issues and reverse power flows on local sections of distribution networks;there are also missed opportunities if distributed PV inverter management is considered as a separate issue from load management.
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