电力批发市场设计的经济学原理

摘要

This paper discusses the design principle of electricity wholesale market from the perspective of economics.Electricity is a system integrated real-time product.The security and reliability of power system is the material premise of electricity competition.However,the reconstruction of electricity transaction relationship and the institutional arrangement of competitive electricity transaction are essence of electricity market.The differences of transaction relationship and "right and responsibility equality" between unilateral and bilateral competitive electricity markets lead to significantly different structure of energy market and clearing mechanism of energy spot market.Thus,there are two different modes of electricity transaction:"unilateral transaction",known as "mandatory electricity pool" and "bilateral transaction",named as "bilateral transaction + balancing mechanism".The scientific design of the electricity market should be based on the qualitative identification of transaction relationship and take the "right and responsibility equality" as the main line,and then choose a cost effective mode of electricity transaction according to cost-benefit analysis.%电力批发市场构建是电力市场化改革的出发点和归宿,应基于经济学视角讨论其设计原理.电力是系统实时集成的产品,电力系统的安全、可靠是电力市场运行的物质前提.但电力市场的本质是经济关系,是竞争性电力交易关系的构建和制度安排.单向竞争的市场与双向竞争的市场之间,交易者之间的关系不同,交易中的“权、责对等”方式不同,进而能量市场的构架、主能量的现货出清机理等,也有明显差别.由此而导致两种不同的电力批发市场模式:一种是“单边(向)交易”,通称“强制性电力库”;另一种是“双边(向)交易”,也称“双边(向)交易+平衡机制”.电力市场的顶层设计,应以交易关系的构建为起点,以“权、责对等”为基本的逻辑主线,在制度的成本与收益比较基础上,选择“性价比”高的交易模式.