健康风险评估方法在中国重金属污染中的应用及暴露评估模型的研究进展

摘要

经济的快速发展导致中国环境质量日趋恶化。随着健康意识的增强，人们越来越重视污染物暴露人群的健康风险评估。与其他污染物相比，重金属污染区域广，重金属暴露人群多且集中。为了研究重金属暴露条件下人群的健康风险， USEPA 模型、统计模型、地理信息系统、可给性研究的方法已被中国不同学者应用。暴露评估模型作为污染物暴露人群健康风险评估的主要环节，国外的研究已经比较成熟，但相关研究在中国还处于空白阶段。对中国近年来在城市表层土壤（灰尘）、矿区土壤、膳食、地下水和饮用水、大气颗粒物进行重金属风险评估中应用的健康风险评估方法，进行了归纳和评述，并对欧美常用暴露评估模型：环境暴露评估模型、膳食暴露评估模型进行了介绍。中国健康风险评估工作起步晚，在评估的各环节均存在很大缺陷。随着新技术的发展以及人群对环境健康风险认识的深化，健康风险评估将成为中国热门研究领域之一。污染的环境行为、剂量-效应关系、模型、风险信息等方面，将是未来中国健康风险评估研究的重点。%With the increasingly development of economy, the environmental quality in China is becoming severely worse and worse. Much more attention to health risk assessment for human exposed by contaminations is paid due to the increasing healthy awareness. Compared to other contaminations, larger area and more people are contaminated by heavy metals. In order to research the health risk for human exposed by heavy metals, USEPA model, statistical models, GIS and bioavailability have been applied in China. Alt-hough exposure assessment model, as a key part of health risk assessment, has been widely studied in other countries, the relevant report is limited in China. This paper summarize both the approaches of health risk assessment for heavy metals applied in urban soil (dust), mining areas, diet, ground water, table water, atmospheric particulates, and some classical exposure assessment models ap-plied in USA and Europe:environmental exposure assessment models and diet exposure assessment models. Due to the late start in the study on the health risk assessment, there are lots of shortcomings in every aspects of the health risk assessment in China. Along with the development of new technologies, the health risk assessment will be one of the most popular research fields. The study on the contaminated environmental behavior, the relationship between dose and response, models and risk information will be exten-sively conducted in the future in China.