魏晋五号壁画墓保存环境中空气微生物监测研究

摘要

This paper introduces the monitoring and analysis of concentration, size, distribution, and community structures of the bacteria and fungi cultivable in the air of the environment of the wall paintings on the Wei and Jin tomb bricks with a portable airborne microbe sampler (FA-I) and molecular technology. As the research results indicate, the concentrations of the bacteria and fungi in the air inside and outside the tomb are extremely different. The molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis show that the community structures of the fungi inside and outside the tombs are similar, but the concentrations of the bacteria and fungi particles are very different. Actinomycetes, cladosporium, pinicielium, and alternaria exist in the tomb air in large number, and become an important pollution source threatening the preservation of brick paintings. The long-time higher relative humidity and closed environment of the tombs are key elements that cause the proliferation of fine-size microbe particles. Therefore, we suggest that the gate of the exhibition hall be opened periodically to increase air changes of the tombs.%本研究利用 FA-I 型便携式空气微生物采样器和分子技术，对魏晋五号壁画墓保存环境空气中可培养细菌和真菌的浓度、粒径分布、群落组成进行了监测和分析。结果表明：墓室内外空气中细菌、真菌微粒浓度差异极显著。分子鉴定与系统发生分析显示，墓室内外主要细菌类群组成相似，而真菌类群组成具有较大差异。放线菌、枝孢属、青霉属和链格孢属等大量存在于墓室空气中，成为威胁砖壁画保存的重要污染源。墓室内长期较高的相对湿度和较为封闭的保存环境，是引起小粒径微生物增殖的关键因素。建议阶段性地打开展览厅大门，增加墓室内外的空气交流。