Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering in Al-Qunfudhah;
Umm al-Qura University;
Makkah;
Saudi Arabia;
the School of Mechanical;
Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering;
Loughborough University;
Loughborough;
LE113TU;
United Kingdom;
the School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation;
Shanghai University;
Baoshan District;
Shanghai 200444;
China;
Battery; DC microgrid; DC-DC converter; photovoltaic(PV)system;