1Division of Earth and Planetary Dynamics;
Faculty of Science;
Hokkaido University;
Sapporo;
Japan 2Geotechnical Department;
Division of Environmental Engineering;
Docon;
Sapporo;
Japan;
Division of Earth and Planetary Dynamics;
Faculty of Science;
Hokkaido University;
Sapporo;
Japan;
Vertical; Hydraulic; Gradient; Groundwater; Flow; System; Alluvial; Fan; Kriging; Recharge; River; Leakage; Urbanization;