基于生物群落重建的景观水体生态修复方法研究

摘要

The landscape water body in the urban area is one type of constructed wetlands.It not only serves the visitors by esthetics,but also the habitat for biodiversity.The landscape water body can be used to purify the recycled water discharged in the urban environment and it is one key component of the urban green infrastructures.Material flow,food web and "species number-area" relationship are three basic theories for the ecological restoration.Historical biology and landscape data are the restoration basis."Designer-wetland" and "self-design" are two basic processes to reconstruct a complete food web through which the materials in the wetland ecosystem flow smoothly and can be digested finally.Taking the landscape water body on the Little Donkey Farm as example,the authors conclude that there are 4 steps for the ecological restoration:1) restoration plan design,2) construction,3) monitoring,and 4) management,and 8 methods:1) literature review on the historical biodiversity and geography,2) site survey,3) biodiversity survey,4) underwater topography design,5) landscape construction,6) species reintroduction,7) biodiversity monitoring and 8) water quality monitoring.The water quality of the restored landscape water body achieved the standard of level Ⅱ at the end of growing season and it provided habitats for over 28 animals.The ecological restoration of the landscape water body based on biological community reconstruction goes through the processes of planning and design,construction and management.It is a valuable attempt to build a beautiful human settlement where human and nature harmoniously develop in the North China Plain.%城市中的景观水体是一种人工湿地,不仅是城市园林不可或缺的造景要素,也是众多生物的栖息地,还具有净化城市中水的潜力,是城市绿色基础设施的关键组成部分.基于生物群落重建的景观水体生态修复方法以物质流、食物网和“种-面积”关系等作为理论依据,以历史生物和景观数据作为修复依据,以“人为设计”和“自然发展”作为基本思路,重建完整食物网,使湿地生态系统中的物质顺畅流动并最终能被生物消解.以小毛驴市民农园景观水体为例,阐述重建生物群落生态修复方法包括:修复方案设计,工程施工,恢复监测和管理维护4个步骤及以下8种方法:历史生物数据/自然地理文献查阅,场地踏勘,生物本底调查,水底地形设计,景观工程施工,物种重引入,生物监测和水质监测.经修复的景观水体水质在当年生长季末期达到地表水Ⅱ类水质量标准,并为28种动物提供栖息地.基于生物群落重建的景观水体生态修复包括规划设计、施工建造、运营管理各环节,是我国华北平原地区建设人与自然和谐共生人居环境的有益尝试.