Objective To analyze the differences among the intellectual development and temperament behavior of premature infants and those of normal full-term infants in their infant period, so as to explore the law to promote the health growth of the intelligence and temperament behavioral of premature infants. Methods 68 cases of premature infants appropriate for gestational age and 102 cases of normal full-term infants were randomly selected for the establishment of cohort as the research subjects. The data of their developmental screening test (DST) at 12 months old were reviewed; and they respectively received Gesell infant intellectual development check at 18, 24, 30 months old, and their parents also received Carey infant temperament questionnaire (RITQ), and received Achenbach infant behavior checklist at 30 months old of the infants. A longitudinal analysis was performed on the differences among the results of the intellectual developments in 5 functional areas(applicability, large motion, fine motion, language, personal-social competence) with the increase in ages and the results of temperament checklist and dimension. The Student's t test, variance analysis, SNK-q test was used as statistical methods, and χ2 analysis was used for the comparison among the constituent ratios of segmental information. Results Compared with the full-term infants, the developmental quotient(DQ) and mental index(MI) at 12-month-old, as well as the DQ of five major functional areas at 18-month-old, 24-month-old and 30-month-old of the premature infants were lower; for the premature infants with corrected gestational age, their adaptability, large motion, fine motor and language at 18-month-old was statistically significant (P<0.05); their adaptability and language at 24-month-old were weaker than those of the full-term infants (P<0.05);and their language and personal social ability were weaker than those of the full-term infants (P<0.05). On aspect of temperament, each temperament dimension of the two groups at 18, 24, 30-month-old was different;the ration of normal-to-rear and difficult-to-rear in the premature infant group was higher than that of the full-term infant group, and the behavioral problems of the premature infants at 30-month-old were severer than that of the control group. The longitudinal analysis showed that the DQ of five major functional areas of the premature infant group were different with the increase of month-old (P<0.05) and the difference on temperament constituent ratio of the premature infant group was statistically significant; while there was no difference on DQ of the control group with the increase of month-old, the difference on temperament constituent ratio of the premature infant group was statistically significant, and the changes of each dimension of temperament analysis were also different. Conclusion The DQ of the premature infants in early childhood was lower than that of the normal full-term infants, but the gap can be shorted with the increase of month-old, and there has great plasticity in temperament during this period.%目的：分析早产儿和正常足月儿童之间在幼儿期智能发育，气质行为的差异，探讨规律，促进早产儿童的智能发育、气质行为健康发展。方法随机选取早产适于胎龄儿68例和正常足月儿102例，建立队列作为研究对象。回顾在12月龄时做发育筛查（DST）；分别在18、24、30月龄时做Gesell儿童智力发育检查，同时家长做Carey婴幼儿气质问卷调查（RITQ），30月龄时做Achenbach儿童行为量表。纵向分析随着月龄增加智能发育的5个能区（适应性、大运动、精细运动、语言、个人-社会能力）的结果的差异和气质量表及各维度的结果。统计学方法采用 t 检验、方差分析、SNK-q 检验，分类资料构成比的比较用χ2分析。结果与足月儿组相比，早产儿组在12月龄时的发育商（DQ）和智力分（MI）以及在18月龄、24月龄、30月龄的5大功能区的DQ均有落后；早产儿18月龄时适应性、大运动、精细运动、语言有统计学差异（P＜0.05）；24月龄时适应性、语言落后有统计学差异（P＜0.05）；30月龄时个人社会能力落后有统计学差异（P＜0.05）。气质方面，各维度在18、24、30月龄段两组均有差异，早产儿组的中间型、难养型的构成比均较正常足月儿组高，行为上30月龄早产儿的行为问题也高于对照组。纵向分析，早产儿组发育商的5个能区随着月龄的增加在3个月龄阶段都有不同差异（P＜0.05），而足月儿差异不明显。气质构成比的差异有统计学意义，而对照组DQ随月龄的变化无差异，气质构成比的差异有统计学意义，而且气质分析的各维度的变化也各不相同。结论早产儿在幼儿时期智能虽落后于正常足月儿，但随着月龄增加大部分可缩短差距，早产儿气质在这一阶段也有更大的变化和可塑性。
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