Nanopore / nanochannel sensing technique drawing more attention in analytical chemistry due to its unique advantages and the fabricated electrochemical sensors and electrochemical responsive gates have been widely used for more target detection, including single molecule protein and DNA sequencing. Nanopore /nanochannel that used for fabricating electrochemical detection system is mainly divided into biological nanopore and solid state nanopore, and among them, solid state nanopore / nanochannel has a wide range of application due to its inherent properties, such as easy for modification, good mechanical property and stability. Resistive pulse sensing and current-voltage curves (ion current rectification) are two main methods of nanopore / nanochannel sensing technique used for target analysis, so in this review, we introduced the fundamentals and applications of nanopore sensing technique based on the above two methods. In addition, we concluded the application and development of single state nanopore / nanochannel in recent years, and also gave a brief look at the future challenges and prospects in the development of this field.%纳米孔检测技术以其独特的优势在电分析化学领域引起广泛的关注,基于此构建的电化学传感器及电化学整流开关已被用于多种目标物分析,如单分子蛋白检测及DNA测序.纳米孔既可由生物分子制成,也可由固态材料制备.其中,固态纳米孔易于修饰,机械性能、稳定性等相对较好,应用较为广泛.纳米孔检测技术主要的输出信号为电阻脉冲和电流-电压曲线(离子整流),本文以两种输出信号为重点,详细介绍了纳米孔检测的原理和应用,总结了近年来固态单纳米孔通道在分析化学领域的发展,并对该领域未来的发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望.
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