Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China);
Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Land Quality Monitoring;
Ministry of Land and Resources;
College of Resources and Environmental Sciences;
China Agricultural University;
Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science;
Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth;
Chinese Academy of Sciences;
School of Earth and Environment;
Anhui University of Science and Technology;
ordinary; kriging; neural; network; soil; electrical; conductivity; variability; mapping; Ningxia; China;